Researchers from CQUniversity’s Institute for Future Farming Systems have been working with the Cooperative Research Centre for Developing Northern Australia and a range of industry partners since 2019 to identify and develop new spice crops.
In 2022, they narrowed their focus to three high-value products – sesame, kalonji and fennel, and after three more years of trials to determine the best varieties, growing conditions, crop nutrition, weed management and harvest techniques, researchers are confident they’ve now got a viable industry on their hands.
CQUniversity Associate Professor Tieneke Trotter says this season’s kalonji and fennel trial crops grown at the Central Queensland Smart Farm in Emerald, west of Rockhampton are particularly exciting.
“This is the best crop performance we’ve seen so far. With harvest just around the corner, we’re anticipating some strong yields,” Tieneke says.
“Initial trials showed promise for the adaptability of these crops to the northern environment in winter, and the crop performance in Emerald this season will hopefully complete the picture around viability due to yield performance,”: she says.
Australia imports about 100 tonnes of fennel seeds and 100 tonnes of kalonji each year, mostly from India and China.
Fennel and kalonji seeds are used as spices in curries, soups, marinades and teas.
The varieties of fennel grown for seed are different to those grown for fresh bulb production and the seed has not previously been grown commercially in Australia.
Kalonji, also known as black seed, nigella seed or black cumin, has a strong earthy taste and is the black seed you typically see sprinkled on Turkish bread and naan bread, alongside sesame seed.
“Average crop yields for Indian-grown fennel are around 1.5 tonnes per hectare and kalonji is about one tonne, so that’s what we’re aiming to achieve here in the trials,” Tieneke says.
“We have done an extensive amount of work to determine how to best grow fennel and kalonji in northern Australia for optimal yield and quality,” she says.
Tieneke adds the team has recently released grower guides for kalonji and fennel as well as sesame, which will arm farmers with the key agronomic information they need to successfully grow the spice crops.
CRCNA chief executive Anthony Curro says with the right partnerships and continued investment, the spice crops could become an important part of northern Australia’s farming future.
“These results highlight the positive outcomes of bringing together researchers, industry and producers to diversify and strengthen northern Australia’s agricultural opportunities,” Anthony says.
“The promising performance of kalonji and fennel shows there is real potential to build new markets and income streams for growers, while reducing our reliance on imports,” he says.
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