Sanae Takaichi will arrive on Sunday ahead of formal talks with Prime Minister Anthony Albanese at Parliament House on Monday.
The one-on-one talks for the annual leaders' meeting coincide with the 50th anniversary of the Basic Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation between the two countries.
"Fifty years ago, our nations laid the foundation for a partnership based on trust, shared values and mutual respect," Mr Albanese said.
"Australia and Japan share strong strategic alignment. Our cooperation is essential to maintaining a peaceful, stable and prosperous region.
"Our enduring trade and investment ties underpin our relationship, creating jobs, providing opportunity and delivering economic growth to both our nations."
This will be the fourth in-person meeting between the two leaders, having previously crossed paths at the East Asia Summit, APEC and G20.
Nicknamed the "Iron Lady" for her admiration of former UK prime minister Margaret Thatcher, Ms Takaichi became prime minister in October, having previously been a minister in the governments of Shinzo Abe and Fumio Kishida.
She held a snap election in February, with her party recording a landslide victory.
Ms Takaichi has taken a firmer stance against Beijing on cross-strait tensions, saying the use of Chinese military force on Taiwan would constitute a "survival-threatening situation" for Japan that would prompt Tokyo to intervene militarily.
The visit by Ms Takaichi comes as Foreign Minister Penny Wong held talks with Japanese trade minister Ryosei Akazawa in Tokyo on Tuesday.
The talks were held as part of a week-long trip to Asia, where trade and energy security are on the agenda.
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