With AI technology advancing rapidly, weapons systems that could kill without human intervention are coming ever closer, posing ethical and legal challenges that most countries say need addressing soon.
"We cannot let this moment pass without taking action," Austrian Foreign Minister Alexander Schallenberg told a meeting of non-governmental and international organisations as well as envoys from 143 countries.Â
"Now is the time to agree on international rules and norms to ensure human control.
"At least let us make sure that the most profound and far-reaching decision, who lives and who dies, remains in the hands of humans and not of machines," he said in an opening speech to the conference entitled "Humanity at the Crossroads: Autonomous Weapons Systems and the Challenge of Regulation".
Years of discussions at the United Nations have produced few tangible results and many participants at the two-day conference in Vienna said the window for action was closing rapidly.
"It is so important to act and to act very fast," the president of the International Committee of the Red Cross, Mirjana Spoljaric, told a panel discussion.
"What we see today in the different contexts of violence are moral failures in the face of the international community. And we do not want to see such failures accelerating by giving the responsibility for violence, for the control over violence, over to machines and algorithms."
AI is already being used on the battlefield. Drones in Ukraine are designed to find their own way to their target when signal-jamming technology cuts them off from their operator, diplomats say.
The United States said this month it was looking into a media report that the Israeli military has been using AI to help identify bombing targets in Gaza.
"We have already seen AI making selection errors in ways both large and small, from misrecognising a referee's bald head as a football, to pedestrian deaths caused by self-driving cars unable to recognise jaywalking," Jaan Tallinn, a software programmer and tech investor, said in a keynote speech.
"We must be extremely cautious about relying on the accuracy of these systems, whether in the military or civilian sectors."
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