Prime Minister Yulia Svyrydenko accused Moscow of targeting Ukrainian people and power supplies as the cold winter months approached.
"Its goal is to plunge Ukraine into darkness. Ours is to preserve the light," Svyrydenko said on the Telegram app on Thursday.
"To stop the terror, we need more air defence systems, tougher sanctions, and maximum pressure on the aggressor."
Regional officials said two men were killed in the southeastern industrial city of Zaporizhzhia, and a seven-year-old girl from the central Vinnystia region died in hospital from injuries sustained in the attacks.
Russia's defence ministry said its forces launched a strike on Ukrainian military-industrial complex facilities overnight.
Moscow denies targeting civilians and has said its strikes are responses to Ukraine's attacks on Russian infrastructure.
Ukraine has launched regular drone attacks on military and oil sites as it fights Russia's almost four-year-old invasion.
Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskiy said Russia launched more than 650 drones and 50 missiles overnight.
"Many were shot down, but unfortunately, there have been hits," he wrote on X.
Air defence units shot down 592 drones and 31 missiles, the air force said.
The attacks hit energy facilities in central, western, and southeastern regions, Ukrainian officials said.
The government announced nationwide limits on electricity supplies to retail and industrial consumers.
Regional officials said two energy facilities in the western Lviv region had been damaged.
DTEK, the largest private energy company, said its thermal power stations in a number of regions were under attack.
"This attack is a bad blow in our efforts to keep power flowing this winter," DTEK CEO Maxim Timchenko said.
"Based on the intensity of attacks for the past two months, it is clear Russia is aiming for the complete destruction of Ukraine's energy system."
Six children were among the 17 people wounded in strikes on Zaporizhzhia, its governor said.
Four people were injured in the Vinnystia region, officials said.
Air alerts lasted for nearly the entire night in Kyiv, where residents took shelter in deep underground metro stations.
"There's nothing good in it. We are doing our best to hide," Viktoria, 39, mother of a six-year-old boy, told Reuters at a metro station.
"There's a lot of stress involved. When you wake your child in the middle of the night, he cries because he doesn't understand why he has to do it."
