No date for the meeting was provided but Trump said in a social media post he believed "great progress was made with today's telephone conversation".
Trump was due to meet Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskiy on Friday at the White House.
Zelenskiy was expected to push for more military support, including potential long-range offensive missiles, as Ukraine and Russia escalate their war with massive attacks on energy systems.
Ukraine is seeking US Tomahawk long-range missiles, which would put Moscow and other major Russian cities within range of missile fire from Ukraine.
Trump, who has vowed to end the war that Russia started with its invasion of Ukraine in 2022, has expressed increasing frustration with Putin over ongoing attacks.
Trump has said he could supply the weapons to Ukraine if Putin fails to come to the negotiating table.
In its latest barrage, Russia launched more than 300 drones and 37 missiles to target infrastructure across Ukraine in overnight attacks on Thursday, Zelenskiy said.
Ukraine has ramped up its own attacks on Russian targets, including an oil refinery in the Saratov region on Thursday.
Russia has been hitting Ukraine's energy and power facilities for consecutive winters as the war drags into its fourth year.
In the latest warnings to Russia, Trump said on Wednesday that Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi had pledged to stop buying oil from Russia, and that the administration would push China to do the same.
India has not confirmed any such commitment although Reuters reported some Indian refiners are preparing to cut Russian oil imports, with expectations of a gradual reduction, three sources familiar with the matter told Reuters.
US Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth said on Wednesday that the US would "impose costs on Russia for its continued aggression" unless the war ends.
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